WSU Kinesiology Writing Guide – Reference List | College of Education

^{College of Education} _{WSU Kinesiology Writing Guide – Reference List}

References

Do not call this section a Bibliography or Works Cited. The heading, “References”, is used, centered, without underlining or bold setting or quotation marks or colon or period after the word References.

Line Spacing: Follow your assignment instructions on spacing. Generally, the spacing for the reference list should be the same as the rest of the paper.

Professional journals

Be sure to follow all capital and punctuation patterns in the example:

Author’s last name, First and middle initials. (Date). Title of the article. Title of the Journal, volume number, pages.

Authors: Do not change the order of the authors. Include all authors and use “&” before the last author. You must list up to 20 authors. For more than 20, after the first 19 authors’ names, use an ellipsis ( …) in place of the remaining author names. Then, end with the final author’s name (do not place an ampersand before it). There should be no more than twenty names in the citation in total.

Example:

Chapter in edited book

Be sure to follow all capital and punctuation patterns in the example:

Author’s last name, First and middle initials. (Date) Title of the chapter. Ed. First and middle initial. Editor’s last name (Ed.), Title of the book, (chapter pp. numbers).Name.

Example:

Magazine articles

note that month of publication is required because there aren’t issue numbers to help identify which issue the pages are in:

Example:

Books or texts

Example:

Internet

For books, pamphlets, or text accessed electronically, or an abstract on CD –ROM or a computer program: provide same author, date and title information required for print books or other non-periodicals, as well as the medium, location, name of publisher/producer or distributor of database program in brackets:
For online journal, provide same information as usual and include internet location.
For all online material:provide same information as usual plus retrieval path in the form of website url or DOI.

Example:

Reference citation in-text

Every time you use someone else’s ideas, words or materials you must cite that reference in the text. Every citation in your reference list must be found in your text and vice versa.

Single author:

Smith (2016) compared reaction times…

In a recent study of reaction times, Smith (2016) found that…She also…

A recent reaction time study (Smith, 2016) showed that…

Two authors:

William and Jones (2014) found that…

as has been shown (William & Jones, 2014), speed increases when….

Three or more authors:

List only the first author’s name followed by “et al.” in every citation, even the first, unless doing so would create ambiguity between different sources.

(Kernis et al., 1993)

Kernis et al. (1993) suggest…

In et al., et should not be followed by a period. Only “al” should be followed by a period.

If you’re citing multiple works with similar groups of authors, and the shortened “et al” citation form of each source would be the same, you’ll need to avoid ambiguity by writing out more names.

Two or more works:

When your parenthetical citation includes two or more works, order them the same way they appear in the reference list (viz., alphabetically), separated by a semi-colon.

(Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)

Direct quotations:

For a direct quotation, use the same formats as above but include page number(s), or paragraph number(s) for electronic text. You will not need to include page numbers when paraphrasing or describing ideas or research, but please remember to cite the author each time. A single page is indicated by p. (p. 45) and multiple pages by pp. (pp. 7-10).

Quotations of 40 or more words should be blocked within the text: skip a line between text and quotation, single space quotation, indent five spaces on both sides, and do not use quotation marks.

Captions and legends for figures

Figures:

For figures, make sure to include the figure number and a title with a legend and caption. These elements appear below the visual display. For the figure number, type Figure X. Then type the title of the figure in sentence case. Follow the title with a legend that explains the symbols in the figure and a caption that explains the figure:

Figure 1. How to create figures in APA style. This figure illustrates effective elements in APA style figures.

Captions:

Captions serve as a brief, but complete, explanation and as a title. For example, “Figure 4. Population” is insufficient, whereas “Figure 4. Population of Grand Rapids, MI by race (2017)” is better. If the figure has a title in the image, crop it.

Graphs:

Graphs should always include a legend that explains the symbols, abbreviations, and terminology used in the figure. These terms must be consistent with those used in the text and in other figures. The lettering in the legend should be of the same type and size as that used in the figure.

Referencing for figures and images

When you use a figure in your paper that has been adapted or copied directly from another source, you need to reference the original source. This reference appears as a caption underneath the figure that you copied or adapted for your paper.

Any image that is reproduced from another source also needs to come with copyright permission; it is not enough just to cite the source.

Hints:

Number figures consecutively throughout your paper.

Double-space the caption that appears under a figure.

Caption Examples:

General Format 1 (Figure from a Book):

Caption under Figure

Figure X. Descriptive phrase that serves as title and description. Reprinted [or adapted]

from Book Title(page number), by Author First Initial. Second Initial. Surname,

Year, Place of Publication: Publisher. Copyright [Year] by the Name of Copyright Holder.

Reprinted [or adapted] with permission.

Example

Figure 1. Short-term memory test involving pictures. Reprinted from Short-term Memory

the Association for Memory Research. Reprinted with permission.

General Format 2 (Figure from a Journal Article):

Caption under Figure

Figure X. Descriptive phrase that serves as title and description. Reprinted [or adapted]

from “Title of Article,” by Author First Initial. Second Initial. Surname, Year, Journal Title,

Volume(issue), page number. Copyright [Year] by the Name of Copyright Holder.

Reprinted [or adapted] with permission.

Example:

Figure 1. Schematic drawings of a bird’s eye view of the table (a) and the test phase of

the choice task (b). Numbers represent the dimensions in centimeters. Adapted from

“Visual Experience Enhances Infants’ Use of Task-Relevant Information in an Action

Task,” by S.-h. Wang and L. Kohne, 2007, Developmental Psychology, 43, p. 1515.

General Format 3 (Figure from a Website):

Caption under Figure

Figure X. Descriptive phrase that serves as title and description. Reprinted [or adapted]

from Title of Website, by Author First Initial. Second Initial. Surname, Year, Retrieved

from URL. Copyright [year] by the Name of Copyright Holder. Reprinted [or adapted]

with permission.

Example:

Figure 1.An example of the cobra yoga position. Reprinted from List of Yoga Postures,

In Wikipedia, n.d., Retrieved October 28, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

Common mechanical errors

1. The word datais plural and requires a plural verb, e.g., “the data show that”…rather than “the data shows that”
2. “A lot” should be written in two words.
3. “Affect” is a verb; “effect” is a noun.
4. Tense should be consistent throughout the paper (see exceptions noted previously).
5. Noun and verb should match with respect to number (e.g., the dogs go; the dog goes)
6. Use of apostrophes: only when indicating possession or contraction (it’s) and place the apostrophe after the “s” for plural nouns when indicating possession.
7. Check for complete sentences.
8. Use a semi-colon before a complete clause (i.e. the clause could stand alone as a sentence) or between nouns in a long list.
9. Use a colon if the clause before or after the colon is not a complete sentence, and also before a long list of nouns. In a list of noun phrases, use semi-colons between phrases
10. Write out all numbers equal to or less than “ten”; write out any number used to begin a sentence.
11. Citation errors: “et al.” : After the first time a group of authors is cited, you may use the first author followed by et al.: Brown et al. (1992)… Note that there is no comma before et al but there is a period after. Do not use et al. for only two authors.
12. Do not use etc.
13. “e.g.” stands for “for example”
14. “i.e.” stands for “that is” and is used when you want to restate something in another way: “the median, i.e., the middle score when scores are arranged in numerical order…”
15. Don’t use irregardless, kind of, sort of, really…
16. Don’t use extra words: use “since” rather than “owing to that fact that”
17. Don’t start a sentence with “Being as…”, “therefore”.An incomplete sentence will often result.
18. DO NOT use contractions
19. Watch out for errors with “fewer” and “less”.If a number is involved (e.g. fewer errors might be 3 as opposed to 5, then use the word “fewer”. If it’s qualitative, use “less” e.g., he was less prepared (you can’t attach a number to preparation).
20. DO NOT USE QUOTES
21. Apostrophes! For possessive!
22. Avoid “would”. Use simple direct tenses.
23. Stay away from “you” (second person). Only use first person when describing what YOU did (e.g., we used six participants in each group). Otherwise use third person.
24. Avoid close paraphrasing (changing a word or two from a statement made in your source) because this is a form of plagiarism.
25. Based ON (not based around, based off of)
26. Quotations cited as documentary evidence are introduced by a colon and enclosed in quotation marks: The Surgeon General has this to say about smoking: “ ….”
27. When a quotation is the direct object of a verb it is preceded by a comma and enclosed in quotation marks: Mark Twain said, “A classic…”